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William Wyler
William Wyler (July 1, 1902 – July 27, 1981) was a German-born American film director, producer and screenwriter.〔Herman 1995, p. 37.〕 Notable works included ''Ben-Hur'' (1959), ''The Best Years of Our Lives'' (1946), and ''Mrs. Miniver'' (1942), all of which won Wyler Academy Awards for Best Director, as well as Best Picture in their respective years, making him the only director of three Best Picture winners. Wyler received his first Oscar nomination for directing ''Dodsworth'' in 1936, starring Walter Huston, Ruth Chatterton and Mary Astor, "sparking a 20-year run of almost unbroken greatness."〔Freer 2009, p. 24.〕
Film historian Ian Freer calls Wyler a "bona fide perfectionist", whose penchant for retakes and an attempt to hone every last nuance, "became the stuff of legend."〔Freer 2009, p. 57.〕 His ability to direct a string of classic literary adaptations into huge box-office and critical successes made him one of "Hollywood's most bankable moviemakers" during the 1930s and 1940s and into the 60's. Other popular Wyler films include ''Hell's Heroes'' (1930), ''Dodsworth'' (1936), ''Jezebel'' (1938), ''Wuthering Heights'' (1939), ''The Westerner'' (1940), ''The Letter'' (1940), ''The Heiress'' (1949), ''Roman Holiday'' (1953), ''Friendly Persuasion'' (1956), ''The Big Country'' (1958), ''The Children's Hour'' (1961), ''How to Steal a Million'' (1966), '' and Funny Girl'' (1968).
==Early life==
Wyler was born〔son David William Wyler〕 to a Jewish family〔Wakeman 1987, p. 1220.〕 in Mulhouse, Alsace (then part of the German Empire).〔Madsen 1973, p. 3.〕 His Swiss father, Leopold, started as a traveling salesman which he later turned into a thriving haberdashery business in Mulhouse. His mother, Melanie (née Auerbach;〔http://www.anb.org/articles/18/18-02119.html〕 died February 13, 1955, Los Angeles, aged 77), was German, and a cousin of Carl Laemmle, founder of Universal Pictures. During Wyler's childhood, he attended a number of schools and developed a reputation as "something of a hellraiser", being expelled more than once for misbehavior.〔Wakeman 1987, p. 1222.〕 His mother often took him and his older brother Robert to concerts, opera, and the theatre, as well as the early cinema. Sometimes at home his family and their friends would stage amateur theatricals for personal enjoyment.〔Wakeman 1987, p. 1223.〕
Wyler was supposed to take over the family business. After World War I he spent a dismal year working in Paris at 100.000 Chemises selling shirts and ties. He was so poor that he often spent his time wandering around the Pigalle district. After realizing that Willy was not interested in the haberdashery business, his mother contacted her distant cousin about opportunities for him. Laemmle was in the habit of coming to Europe each year, searching for promising young men who would work in America. In 1921, Wyler, while traveling as a Swiss citizen (his father's status automatically conferred Swiss citizenship to his sons), met Laemmle who hired him to work at Universal Studios in New York. As Wyler said: "America seemed as far away as the moon." Booked onto a ship to New York with Laemmle upon his return voyage, he met a young Czech man, Paul Kohner (later the famous independent agent), aboard the same ship. Their enjoyment of the first class trip was short-lived as they found they had to pay back the cost of the passage out of their $25 weekly income as messengers to Universal Pictures. After working in New York for several years, and even serving in the New York National Guard for a year, Wyler decided he wanted to go to Hollywood and be a director.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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